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Because of molecular interactions between these different components of plasma, it is not surprising that plasma has a higher viscosity than water. This is referred to as the yield stress required to initiate flow.Īlthough plasma is mostly water, it also contains other molecules such as electrolytes, proteins (especially albumin and fibrinogen), and other macromolecules. Because of the high degree of interaction between the elements of blood when it is not flowing, a driving pressure significantly greater than zero is required for stationary blood to start flowing again. This can cause red cells to stick together and form chains of several cells ( rouleau formation) within the microcirculation, which increases the blood viscosity. Unlike water, blood is non-Newtonian because its viscosity increases at low flow velocities (e.g., during circulatory shock). Low flow states permit increased molecular interactions to occur between red cells and between plasma proteins and red cells. There is an inverse relationship between flow and viscosity therefore, the greater the viscosity the smaller the slope of the flow-pressure relationship, meaning that at a given driving pressure flow will be reduced at higher viscosities. Whole blood has a much higher viscosity than water and therefore the slope of the flow-pressure relationship is less steep (see figure).
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This is shown in the figure as a linear dashed line for the flow-pressure relationship of water. Water behaves as a Newtonian fluid and therefore under non-turbulent conditions, its viscosity is independent of flow velocity (i.e., viscosity does not change with changes in velocity). For example, water is a homogeneous fluid and its viscosity is determined by molecular interactions between water molecules. The interactions between fluid layers depend on the chemical nature of the fluid, and whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous in composition. This internal friction contributes to the resistance to flow as described by Poiseuille's equation. The critical findings including the issues on flocculation and substantial settling behavior of the coal particles was caused due to the existence of Van der Waals forces of attraction among coal particle in high concentrate coal water slurry (HCCWS), the minimization of slurry viscosity during pipeline transport for easing on the flow behavior and the behavior of HCCWS like liquid fuel during combustion and is economical viability is comprehensively discussed and summarized.Viscosity is an intrinsic property of fluid related to the internal friction of adjacent fluid layers sliding past one another (see laminar flow). It is observed that, the different technique like green natural surfactant alone or its mixture with synthetic surfactant in the preparation of slurry can reduce the emission of harmful gasses during its combustion. The various factors affecting the modification of interfacial characteristics of the coal, like adsorption surfactant or dispersing agent, coal particle size distribution, exposure to advanced techniques like ultra-sonication, microwave radiation and temperature, etc., that largely determine CWS stabilization are discussed. This review attempts to cover the role of the prime factors in stabilization of coal water slurry (CWS) using additives, interaction mechanism of the additives employed with coal particle, the flow behavior of CWS. The slurry form of the coal and its stabilization has emerged as an advanced area of research in the domain of coal processing technologies. Advanced processing approach of coal source and their prospective developed technologies contribute a greater way on addressing the challenges due to fuel energy crisis and the utilization of the coal sources in an efficient, economical and clean way.